Vagus Nerve Stimulation: What It Is, How It Works, and What the Research Shows

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been used in medicine for decades, but the term now describes a much broader range of technologies than it once did. Alongside surgically implanted systems, researchers are studying non-invasive approaches that stimulate vagal pathways through the skin, including at the neck and outer ear.

This expansion has also made VNS harder to understand. An implanted device used to manage a neurological condition, an ear-based neuromodulation system such as Nurosym, and a breathing exercise described online as “vagus nerve stimulation” may all appear under the same search term, despite being very different interventions.

Understanding those differences matters. Where stimulation is delivered, how it reaches vagal pathways, the electrical parameters used and the research conducted with a particular technology can all influence what the evidence actually tells us.

This guide explains what vagus nerve stimulation is, how the different forms work, what researchers are investigating, and how to interpret claims about its potential effects.

What Is Vagus Nerve Stimulation?

Vagus nerve stimulation is a form of neuromodulation, meaning that a controlled stimulus is used to influence activity within the nervous system through the vagus nerve or one of its accessible branches.

Traditionally, VNS referred primarily to implanted vagus nerve stimulation. A pulse generator is surgically placed under the skin and connected to an electrode around the cervical vagus nerve in the neck. This form of VNS has established medical uses, including certain cases of epilepsy and treatment-resistant depression.

Non-invasive technologies have since made it possible to access vagal pathways without surgery. These include stimulation through the skin of the neck and stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve at selected areas of the outer ear.

This distinction becomes important when reading about VNS research. “Vagus nerve stimulation” is a category rather than one standardised intervention, and evidence from one form of stimulation cannot automatically be applied to every other VNS technology.

For a closer look at how non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation works, this article explores the wearable approaches now being used to access vagal pathways without implants.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation Benefits: Why Stimulate the Vagus Nerve?

The vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve and one of the body's major communication pathways between the brain and internal organs. It travels from the brainstem through the neck and into the chest and abdomen, contributing to the regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and immune functions.

It is also an important part of the autonomic nervous system, which continuously adjusts functions that generally occur without conscious control.

From Established Clinical Use to Emerging Research

Its unusually broad connections help explain why the vagus nerve has become an important target for neuromodulation. Vagus nerve stimulation is already used clinically in specific settings, while researchers are investigating its potential across a much wider range of neurological, autonomic, inflammatory and symptom-related conditions.

Implanted VNS has established medical applications in areas including drug-resistant epilepsy and treatment-resistant depression. VNS paired with rehabilitation is also used to support recovery of upper-limb function following certain strokes.

Expanding Beyond Established Indications

Research into non-invasive VNS has expanded the field considerably further. Auricular and cervical approaches are now being studied across areas including persistent fatigue and ME/CFS, fibromyalgia and chronic pain, post-viral symptoms, autonomic dysfunction, cardiovascular regulation, sleep, mood, cognition, migraine and inflammatory conditions. The strength of evidence differs substantially between these applications, and many remain investigational rather than established treatments.

The guide to vagus nerve dysfunction explores these conditions in more detail.

The Vagus Nerve Is Primarily a Communication Pathway to the Brain

It is common to hear the vagus nerve described simply as the body's “rest and digest nerve”. That description captures part of its parasympathetic role, but it considerably understates what the nerve actually does.

Approximately 80% of vagal fibres are afferent, meaning that they carry sensory information from the body towards the brain rather than commands from the brain towards the organs.

This is particularly relevant to VNS.

Stimulating accessible vagal fibres can send signals towards the brainstem, including the nucleus of the solitary tract, which communicates with wider neural networks involved in autonomic regulation, arousal, emotion, cognition and other physiological functions. Research using auricular VNS therefore investigates considerably more than whether stimulation can simply slow the heart or produce a feeling of relaxation.

Why VNS Research Spans So Many Conditions

What connects these apparently very different areas is not the idea that the vagus nerve controls one particular symptom. Rather, vagal pathways intersect with multiple systems involved in how the brain receives information from the body and coordinates physiological responses.

This broad connectivity is why VNS research now spans conditions that can look very different on the surface, including fibromyalgia, ME/CFS, post-viral syndromes, autonomic disorders and several neurological and cardiovascular conditions.

The rationale differs between conditions, and so does the maturity of the evidence. Some applications are already established within clinical practice, while others remain early-stage or investigational.

What they share is the use of the vagus nerve as an accessible route into neural networks involved in communication between the brain, autonomic nervous system and wider body.

How Does Vagus Nerve Stimulation Work?

The precise effects of VNS depend on the type of stimulation being used, but electrical VNS works by delivering controlled electrical pulses to vagal fibres.

Those signals can influence neural pathways extending beyond the point at which stimulation is delivered.

From the Vagus Nerve to the Brainstem

In auricular VNS, stimulation is delivered to areas of the outer ear supplied at least partly by the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Afferent signals travel towards brainstem structures such as the nucleus of the solitary tract, which in turn communicate with other regions involved in autonomic, emotional and cognitive processing.

Implanted cervical VNS stimulates the vagus nerve directly in the neck, while non-invasive cervical systems attempt to activate cervical vagal fibres through the skin.

The routes are related, but they are not physiologically identical.

VNS and the Autonomic Nervous System

One major area of VNS research concerns autonomic regulation.

The autonomic nervous system is constantly balancing sympathetic and parasympathetic influences in response to posture, activity, breathing, temperature, stress, illness and many other internal and external demands. 

Researchers have therefore investigated whether VNS can influence markers of this regulation, including sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate variability, baroreflex function and cardiovascular responses.

The effect is unlikely to be as simple as “switching on the parasympathetic nervous system”. Vagal stimulation interacts with interconnected central and peripheral pathways, and the response can depend on stimulation parameters, treatment duration and the population being studied.

This vagus nerve reset article explores in more detail what the term means and how different approaches may support autonomic balance.

Other Mechanisms Under Investigation

VNS research also extends into several interconnected biological pathways, including:

• neurotransmitter systems involved in attention, arousal and mood

• neural networks involved in learning and memory

• inflammatory signalling and neuroimmune communication

• cardiovascular autonomic regulation

• cerebral blood flow and brain network activity

These mechanisms help explain why VNS is being investigated across such a wide range of research areas. They should not, however, be interpreted as evidence that every form of VNS produces every proposed effect.

Types of Vagus Nerve Stimulation

One of the most important distinctions when evaluating VNS is how the vagal pathway is accessed.

Implanted Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Implanted VNS is the longest-established form of vagus nerve stimulation.

A pulse generator is implanted beneath the skin, usually in the chest, with an electrode connected to the vagus nerve in the neck. It provides repeated stimulation according to parameters programmed by a clinician.

Because implantation requires surgery and is used within specific clinical pathways, its indications, risks and evidence base should be considered separately from those of non-invasive systems.

Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is a broad category of non-invasive VNS delivered through the skin. It includes transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), delivered at selected areas of the outer ear, and transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS), delivered at the neck.

Parts of the tragus and concha receive sensory innervation from the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Electrical stimulation at these sites provides a non-invasive route for engaging vagal afferent pathways.

This approach has become an active area of research because it avoids surgical implantation and can be used repeatedly in laboratory, clinical and home environments.

For more on vagus nerve ear stimulation, this article looks specifically at why the outer ear has become an important access point for non-invasive vagal neuromodulation.

Non-Invasive Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Cervical VNS delivers electrical stimulation through the skin of the neck with the aim of accessing the cervical vagus nerve.

Although auricular and cervical VNS are both non-invasive, they target different anatomy and use different electrode configurations and stimulation parameters.

Are All Vagus Nerve Stimulation Devices Equivalent?

No.

This is one of the most important points to understand when comparing VNS research or devices.

Two technologies can both be described as “vagus nerve stimulation” while differing substantially in:

• anatomical stimulation site

• electrode design and placement

• waveform

• pulse width

• frequency

• current intensity and current density

• session duration

• stimulation schedule

These differences can affect neural engagement and make direct comparisons difficult.

For the same reason, evidence produced with one VNS device should not automatically be treated as evidence for another simply because both claim to target the vagus nerve.

What Does the Research on Vagus Nerve Stimulation Show?

The VNS literature now includes implanted systems, cervical non-invasive stimulation and auricular stimulation, studied across very different populations and protocols.

This makes broad claims about “the benefits of VNS” difficult to justify.

Instead, research is better understood by looking at the specific outcome being measured and the stimulation method used.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Anxiety and Stress-Related Symptoms

Anxiety-related outcomes are one of the areas receiving growing attention in non-invasive VNS research.

The rationale is biologically plausible: vagal afferent signalling reaches brainstem and higher neural networks involved in arousal, emotional processing and autonomic responses to stress. Researchers have therefore examined whether repeated tVNS can influence anxious symptoms, perceived stress and related physiological responses. 

Research using Parasym's Auricular Vagus Nerve Technology, AVNT™, has also examined anxious symptoms in specific populations. In a 2024 pilot study of female participants experiencing persistent post-COVID symptoms, anxiety scores improved by 35% following 10 days of twice-daily stimulation, with changes maintained at one-month follow-up. 

For a closer look at the best vagus nerve stimulation for anxiety, this article compares the main non-invasive approaches and the evidence behind them.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Heart Rate Variability

Heart rate variability, or HRV, describes the natural variation in time between successive heartbeats. It is one of the most widely used non-invasive measures of autonomic function and is influenced, in part, by parasympathetic activity.

Because the vagus nerve plays an important role in parasympathetic cardiovascular control, HRV is frequently used in research examining how the autonomic nervous system responds to vagus nerve stimulation.

Studies using Parasym's technology have reported favourable changes in autonomic measures, including HRV. In one randomised study, AVNT™ was associated with a 61% increase in high-frequency power, an HRV measure influenced by parasympathetic activity.

Other research using the Parasym AVNT has shown that the stimulation can influence autonomic function in ways that extend beyond HRV alone. In a recent study involving people with chronic heart failure, it was shown to significantly increase cardio-vagal baroreflex gain, a measure of vagal cardiovascular regulation.

Together, these findings support the use of HRV as one useful window into autonomic function, while also showing that the effects of vagal neuromodulation can be captured through several complementary physiological measures.

For a more practical look at HRV training, this article explores how HRV can be used alongside active approaches to nervous system support.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Fatigue and Energy

Fatigue is another increasingly studied outcome in non-invasive VNS research, particularly in populations experiencing persistent or post-viral symptoms.

There are several possible reasons researchers are interested in this area. Fatigue can involve interactions between autonomic regulation, sleep, cognition, inflammatory signalling and perceived physical or mental effort, all of which intersect with pathways influenced by vagal signalling.

However, fatigue is also highly heterogeneous. Fatigue following sleep deprivation is not necessarily biologically equivalent to fatigue associated with a post-viral syndrome or another chronic condition.

Research using Parasym's AVNT™ has reported meaningful changes in fatigue-related outcomes. In a study involving people with post-viral symptoms, fatigue scores decreased by 48% following AVNT™.

Other Parasym research has also explored how these effects may develop over time. In a study involving women with persistent Long COVID symptoms, fatigue continued to improve after the stimulation period and reached a statistically significant improvement from baseline at the one-month follow-up.

These findings are particularly interesting because fatigue is rarely driven by a single mechanism. VNS research is therefore increasingly looking at fatigue alongside related areas such as autonomic function, sleep, cognition and inflammatory signalling rather than treating energy levels as an isolated outcome.

The evidence is still developing across different populations, but current research suggests that fatigue and energy regulation are important areas of investigation within non-invasive vagal neuromodulation.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Sleep

Sleep is another important area of non-invasive VNS research, particularly because sleep quality is closely linked with autonomic regulation, stress responses and recovery.

Research using Parasym's AVNT™ has reported encouraging changes in sleep-related outcomes. In one study involving people with post-viral symptoms, sleep scores improved by 31% following AVNT™.

This finding is supported by a broader body of research exploring auricular VNS and sleep. Randomised studies have reported improvements in subjective sleep measures following repeated stimulation, including global sleep scores after daily tVNS.

Parasym's study in women with persistent post-COVID symptoms also found significant improvements in sleep disturbance after 10 days of AVNT™, with the improvement still evident at one-month follow-up.

Taken together, these findings make sleep and recovery a particularly relevant area of ongoing non-invasive VNS research. As with other outcomes, results can vary according to the population, stimulation protocol and way sleep is measured.

For readers comparing approaches, the guide to the best vagus nerve stimulation for sleep looks more closely at stimulation pathway, safety and device-specific evidence.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Focus, Memory and Cognitive Function

The vagus nerve has extensive connections with neural systems involved in arousal, attention, learning and memory, making cognition another active area of VNS research.

Studies have investigated outcomes including:

• attention

• processing speed

• working memory

• episodic memory

• learning

• reading comprehension

• cognitive flexibility

Importantly, VNS does not appear to influence every cognitive process in the same way, and effects observed under one experimental condition should not be interpreted as a general enhancement of cognitive performance.

Research using Parasym's AVNT™ has reported encouraging changes across several of these areas. Depending on the study and outcome measured, findings have included:

• 32% improvement in memory recall

• 29% improvement in reading performance

• 11% improvement in attention

• 40% reduction in brain fog-related symptoms

These results come from different study populations and protocols, so they should not be interpreted as one universal effect of VNS. Instead, they show that cognitive performance is a substantial part of the AVNT™ research programme.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation, Inflammation and Cardiovascular Function

The vagus nerve sits at an important intersection between the nervous, immune and cardiovascular systems. This has made vagal neuromodulation an active area of research in inflammation, circulation, vascular function and cardiovascular regulation.

Research using Parasym's technology has reported encouraging changes across several of these physiological measures. In different studies and populations, AVNT™ has been associated with a 78% improvement in the inflammatory marker IL-6 and a 28% reduction in oxidative stress, highlighting its potential relevance to pathways involved in inflammatory regulation.

Other research has focused on vascular function. Parasym studies have reported a 50% improvement in blood vessel flexibility and a 39% improvement in microcirculation, suggesting that vagal neuromodulation may influence not only autonomic signalling but also how blood vessels respond and circulate blood through smaller vascular networks.

These findings show that the physiological effects being studied extend beyond heart rate or HRV alone, encompassing inflammatory signalling, oxidative stress and vascular function.

Why VNS Studies Sometimes Reach Different Conclusions

A reader comparing VNS studies may reasonably wonder why one paper reports a strong effect while another finds very little.

One major reason is that there is no single universal VNS protocol.

Studies can differ in stimulation:

• location

• frequency

• pulse width

• intensity

• waveform

• laterality

• duration per session

• number of sessions

• overall treatment period

Participants can also differ dramatically. Healthy volunteers, people with heart failure, patients experiencing persistent fatigue and individuals with sleep problems are unlikely to respond identically.

Even sham conditions are complicated - some studies stimulate another part of the ear as the control, but supposedly “inactive” auricular sites may themselves produce sensory or neurophysiological effects.

Finally, researchers may measure entirely different endpoints. A study looking for an immediate change in HRV is asking a very different question from a trial evaluating sleep after four weeks of repeated stimulation.

This is why the quality of VNS evidence cannot be judged solely by counting positive studies.

How Quickly Does Vagus Nerve Stimulation Work?

There is no single timeframe in which VNS should be expected to produce an effect.

Researchers have measured some physiological responses during or immediately after stimulation, while clinical and symptom-related outcomes are commonly assessed after repeated sessions over days, weeks or months.

Implanted VNS provides another example: therapeutic effects in established clinical use often develop gradually rather than immediately.

Even within studies using the same general type of auricular stimulation, different outcomes can follow different timelines. In the Parasym Long COVID pilot, several cognitive and symptom measures changed immediately after the 10-day intervention, while the statistically significant change in fatigue emerged at the one-month follow-up.

An immediate physiological response should therefore not be interpreted as proof that a meaningful clinical outcome will occur equally quickly.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation at Home: What Should You Look For?

The growth of wearable neuromodulation has made VNS increasingly accessible outside hospitals and research laboratories.

It has also made comparison more difficult.

Before evaluating any at-home vagus nerve stimulation device, it helps to ask several basic questions.

Where Does It Stimulate?

An ear-based system and a neck-based system do not access precisely the same anatomy.

Look for a clear explanation of the anatomical target rather than vague claims that the device simply “activates the vagus nerve”.

How Does It Stimulate?

Electrical waveform, pulse width, frequency, current and electrode design all contribute to the stimulation being delivered.

Two devices positioned on the same part of the body may therefore still provide very different neuromodulation.

Has the Specific Technology Been Studied?

This is particularly important.

A company may correctly state that “vagus nerve stimulation has been studied” while providing little evidence that its own technology has been used in those studies.

General evidence for VNS establishes scientific rationale. Device-specific research provides a more direct indication of what has actually been evaluated using that technology.

Is the Evidence Easy to Inspect?

Credible VNS companies should make it possible to identify the underlying research rather than presenting percentages without context.

Useful information includes:

• study population

• number of participants

• control or sham group

• stimulation protocol

• outcome measured

• duration of follow-up

• whether the research has been peer reviewed

For anyone comparing options, this article on choosing the best vagus nerve stimulation device looks more closely at the differences in anatomical targeting, research evidence, safety and everyday use.

Where Does Nurosym Fit Within Vagus Nerve Stimulation?

Nurosym is a non-invasive, ear-based neuromodulation system developed by Parasym. It uses the company's proprietary Auricular Vagal Neuromodulation Technology (AVNT™) to deliver controlled electrical stimulation through an auricular vagal pathway.

That places Nurosym within the broader field of transcutaneous auricular vagal neuromodulation rather than implanted or cervical VNS.

The distinction that matters most is not simply where the device is worn, but the research behind the specific technology.

Parasym has developed AVNT through more than a decade of research, with the technology now represented across 60+ completed studies, and over 150+ ongoing studies.

This gives Nurosym the most elaborate device-specific research history alongside the wider scientific literature on non-invasive vagal stimulation. For a closer look at the evidence behind the technology, this article explores Nurosym research and the clinical studies behind AVNT™ in more detail.

This article on the neuromodulation wearable category looks more closely at how wearable neurotechnology differs from passive trackers and how active stimulation can be integrated into everyday nervous system support.

Side Effects, Risks and Safety of Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Safety depends strongly on which type of VNS is being discussed.

Risks of Implanted VNS

Implanted VNS requires surgery and therefore carries procedural risks that do not apply to transcutaneous systems.

Reported effects can include discomfort around the surgical site, voice changes, coughing, throat sensations and swallowing difficulties, alongside risks associated with implantation itself.

Side Effects of Non-Invasive VNS

Auricular VNS

With auricular VNS, stimulation is delivered at selected areas of the outer ear where vagal fibres approach the skin. This provides relatively superficial access to vagal sensory pathways through a small, defined stimulation area.

There is also growing device-specific safety evidence. In a review of over 200 cardiovascular patients across several studies using Parasym's low-level tragus vagal neuromodulation, there were no device-related serious adverse events. Only three participants reported minor dermal paraesthesia, described as light tingling at the ear.

Cervical VNS

With cervical VNS, stimulation is applied at the side of the neck with the aim of influencing the cervical vagus nerve.

The nerve lies deeper beneath the skin and is surrounded by subcutaneous tissue, muscle, blood vessels and other neural structures. Electrical stimulation therefore has to travel through a larger and more anatomically complex volume of tissue before reaching the intended target.

This makes factors such as individual neck anatomy, electrode placement, waveform, intensity and device design particularly important.

Why the Difference Matters

Auricular and cervical VNS are both transcutaneous, but they are not interchangeable technologies.

They differ in anatomical access, electrode configuration, stimulation parameters and the neural fibres being engaged. Evidence generated using one approach should therefore not automatically be applied to the other.

When comparing non-invasive VNS devices, the key questions are not simply whether they “stimulate the vagus nerve”, but where they stimulate, how the current is delivered, and whether the specific technology has been studied in humans.

Who Should Seek Medical Advice Before Using VNS?

The appropriate precautions depend on the device and the individual's circumstances.

Implanted VNS is managed within specialist medical care, while non-invasive systems have their own contraindications and usage instructions.

Anyone considering a non-invasive VNS device should follow the manufacturer's current safety information and seek appropriate medical advice when they have relevant underlying health conditions, implanted electrical devices, or are uncertain whether stimulation is appropriate for them.

In general, VNS is not recommended for children or during pregnancy because safety has not been established in these populations.

VNS should not be used as a substitute for appropriate investigation or treatment of new, severe or unexplained symptoms.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation vs Vagus Nerve Exercises

Online discussions often use the phrase “stimulate your vagus nerve” to describe practices including slow breathing, humming, singing, meditation, vagus nerve exercises and cold exposure.

These activities can influence breathing patterns, heart rate, stress responses and broader autonomic physiology.

They are not, however, the same intervention as electrical vagus nerve stimulation.

In clinical and research contexts, VNS generally refers to controlled neuromodulation of vagal pathways, most commonly using electrical stimulation.

Breathing and other behavioural practices can still form useful parts of a broader approach to autonomic health. The important point is that evidence for electrical VNS should not be used to validate every activity described online as “vagus nerve stimulation”, and vice versa.

The Future of Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Vagus nerve stimulation is moving from a relatively narrow clinical therapy into a much broader field of precision neuromodulation.

Implanted, cervical and auricular approaches access the vagal pathway differently, and the strength of any system ultimately depends on more than the VNS label alone. Anatomical targeting, stimulation design and device-specific research are what turn a concept into a credible technology.

Auricular VNS is particularly well positioned within this shift because it offers a superficial, non-invasive route to vagal sensory pathways that can be used repeatedly outside the surgical setting.

Nurosym sits within this emerging generation of research-led neuromodulation. Its AVNT™ technology has been developed through more than a decade of research, studied across 60+ completed studies and 150+ ongoing research programmes, and used across more than five million sessions worldwide.

As VNS continues to evolve, the most meaningful advances are likely to come from technologies that combine precise targeting, repeatable stimulation and a growing body of device-specific evidence. That is the direction in which auricular vagal neuromodulation, and Nurosym, are already moving.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation FAQs

Does vagus nerve stimulation actually work?

VNS is an established medical therapy in certain contexts, while non-invasive VNS is supported by a growing but more heterogeneous research literature.

Whether it “works” therefore depends on the type of VNS, intended outcome, population, protocol and quality of evidence being considered.

Is non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation the same as implanted VNS?

No. Both interact with vagal pathways, but implanted VNS places an electrode directly around the cervical vagus nerve, while non-invasive systems deliver stimulation through the skin at locations such as the neck or ear.

Where is the best place to stimulate the vagus nerve?

There is no single best location for every form of VNS. Different approaches access different parts of the vagal pathway, and the evidence should always be considered in relation to the specific technology being used.

The outer ear is one of the most extensively studied non-invasive access points. For anyone considering a research-led non-invasive device, Nurosym uses Parasym's AVNT™, and is supported by over 5 million user sessions globally.

Does VNS increase HRV?

Some individual studies have reported increases in HRV measures. HRV should be considered a one potential autonomic measure rather than a universal marker of successful stimulation.

Can vagus nerve stimulation help with anxiety?

Auricular VNS has shown particularly encouraging results for anxiety and stress-related symptoms. Research using Parasym's AVNT™ has reported a 35% reduction in anxious thoughts, supporting growing interest in ear-based vagal neuromodulation as a non-invasive approach to nervous system regulation.

Can VNS help with fatigue?

Auricular VNS has shown encouraging results for fatigue, particularly in post-viral populations. Research using Parasym's AVNT™ has reported a 48% reduction in fatigue, supporting growing interest in vagal neuromodulation for energy and recovery-related symptoms.

How long should vagus nerve stimulation be used?

There is no universal VNS dose. Research protocols vary from short acute stimulation sessions to repeated daily use over weeks or months. Users of commercial systems should follow the protocol and safety guidance developed for the specific device rather than copying parameters from unrelated VNS studies.

Disclaimer: Nurosym is a CE-marked medical device in Europe. The clinical research referenced in this article was conducted using Parasym’s neuromodulation technology under research conditions, some of which include populations outside of the device’s primary indication. Individual results may vary. All percentage figures cited reflect findings from specific study populations and should not be interpreted as a medical claim, and cannot guarantee outcomes for all users. Individuals should consult a qualified health professional regarding their personal health needs.

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